In this lesson, you will learn basic grammar rules that are important for 10th-class exams. These grammar topics are:
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Tenses
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Active and Passive Voice
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Direct and Indirect Speech
These grammar rules are explained in easy words with clear examples.
🕐 Tenses
Tenses show the time of an action. There are three main types of tenses:
| Tense | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present Tense | Action happening now | I go to school. |
| Past Tense | Action happened in the past | She went to the market. |
| Future Tense | Action will happen in the future | He will eat dinner later. |
🔹 Types of Each Tense
| Tense Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Subject + base verb | They play cricket. |
| Present Continuous | Subject + is/am/are + verb+ing | I am reading a book. |
| Present Perfect | Subject + has/have + past participle | She has done her homework. |
| Simple Past | Subject + past verb | He watched TV. |
| Past Continuous | Subject + was/were + verb+ing | We were eating dinner. |
| Simple Future | Subject + will + base verb | You will win the race. |
Tenses
🔁 Active and Passive Voice
Active Voice: The subject does the action.
Passive Voice: The action is done to the subject.
🔹 Structure:
| Voice Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Active Voice | Subject + Verb + Object | She writes a letter. |
| Passive Voice | Object + is/am/are + past participle | A letter is written by her. |
🔹 More Examples:
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | He reads a book. | A book is read by him. |
| Simple Past | They watched a movie. | A movie was watched by them. |
| Future Tense | She will cook food. | Food will be cooked by her. |
Active and Passive Voice
🗣️ Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech: Exact words spoken by someone.
Indirect Speech: Reported or changed form of spoken words.
🔹 Examples:
| Type | Example |
|---|---|
| Direct Speech | He said, “I am happy.” |
| Indirect Speech | He said that he was happy. |
🔹 Rules to Change Direct to Indirect Speech:
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Change the tense (usually one step back in time)
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Remove commas and quotation marks
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Use ‘that’, ‘if’, or ‘whether’ for connecting
🔹 More Examples:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| She said, “I go to school.” | She said that she went to school. |
| They said, “We are tired.” | They said that they were tired. |
| He said, “I will call you.” | He said that he would call me. |
Direct and Indirect Speech
✅ Quick Revision Table
| Topic | What to Remember |
|---|---|
| Tenses | Show time of action |
| Active Voice | Subject is doing the action |
| Passive Voice | Action is done to the subject |
| Direct Speech | Use exact spoken words |
| Indirect Speech | Change the sentence to reported speech |
🎯 Tips to Practice Grammar
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Write short sentences in all tenses
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Change active voice to passive voice
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Convert direct to indirect speech
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Read and speak daily in simple English
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Practice grammar exercises every day
These 10th-class grammar rules are very helpful to improve your English writing and speaking skills. Practice them daily to do well in your exams.
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