In this article we chew over topics such as global media trade, trends, and styles that bring together very diverse communities, uniting them in one world. As with all popular concepts aimed at combining various events, both “Interdependency” and “global integration” have countless meanings. Progress has been made, it is not the result of their power growth but their links to the globalization process. Geographically nationalism or cultural closeness helps the media to cross borders.

The American media plays an important role in the global arena, and media companies from many other countries are also dominating the world. A handful Or firms dominate the global part of the media system. Cable and Satellite TV, which was common. The majority of Americans, Canadians, and other Europeans for years, are now growing in many other countries globally.

Among the key barriers to global trade in telecommunications is the flow of data across borders, cultures, imperialism, media, and the flux of knowledge and information. It discusses important issues of media’s ability to intercede during events and influence their outcomes such as Media Markets, Audiences, Advertisers, and Financial and Creative Content.

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Introduction:

What is Globalization?

‘The process by which businesses or other organizations emerge internationally.”

Globalization of Media isn’t a term of global nature. As Sparks (2000) argues that no media are truly worldwide instinctively natural. Moreover, the so-called global media audience ‘is very small,  is too well, and too English speakers contemplated across the board. There is little evidence to support the existence of the public sector and the public is still very much focused on government and public-oriented.

Media consolidation is a process in which secondary and subordinate owners control the majority of media outlets. This creates a monopoly in which a few firms dominate the media marketplace.

There is no question about all of these global trade trends being made possible with the help of local and international media levels. This “globalization process” is often taken as a positive force among different communities, to integrate it into the “global valley”, and enrich the whole process. It is variously recounted as the inevitable consequence of evolution and human progress as if disrupting the organic process governed by the laws of nature.

However, globalization is not a natural phenomenon of common communication and interaction of people and cultures around the world. Instead. there are consequences of deliberate human choice by a powerful group of nations, transnational corporations (TNCs), and international organizations involved in the program.

New Globalization of Media:

Critical Issues and proportions of  67 communication and information technology have provided ways for large companies to increase profits by entering foreign markets.   Globalization ”emerged as a common word in the 1990s, as did the“ interdependence ”of the 1970s, but the events it mentions are not entirely new.

Our element of trust over the past 20 years. we are now working on the global trade at the beginning of the millennium: “This vague language conveys the idea of ​​misunderstanding, but the widespread feeling that the political climate of the world is changing. As with all popular ideas, it is important for a variety of situations that both “interdependence” and “globalization” have many meanings.

To understand what people are talking about when they use words and make them fully used in the analysis, should start by asking if dependence and addition are just two words of the same thing or whether something is going on. Globalization of Media is probably the most extensive at the level of media agency models and media editing and analysis methods.

The world is getting bigger and bigger in the intermingled market based on capitalist or economical markets. This pressure from international experts or on nations to make media more commercialized aims on purchasers and to privatize telecommunications forms that were owned by the government. Immediate changes resulting had a profound impact well beyond that immediate rating of friends or the Simpsons.

Most countries produce and emerge their televisions, magazines, and music But if they produce them with L.S .. British. or Japanese models and genre ideas, then those media products from all over the world are still at least somehow the globe. And even though the national series is very much reflecting the local culture in its program characters, still helps Colgate-Palmolive and other industries to sell soap in another part of the global market. Roland Robertson (1995) calls such a combination of global- home-made products by international global forms and ideas.

International orders and companies also have a major impact. Ordinary global bodies like
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) assigns satellite channels, determines broadcast frequencies, and defines call rates, cell phones,  faxes, and internet connection. International Telecom companies. such as cable and Wireless, use global optical fibre communication infrastructure strings, satellite, and high-speed lines.

The international media also forces rivals to respond to it. When Murdoch’s Star started broadcasting in India then the state television had to respond to more competitive entertainment or loss much of its audience ( Straubhaar & LaRose, 2004). Another key factor is that Globalization is the growing globalization of media technology. Almost all nations now have hardly any people using the internet and satellite television.

Although the richest in the world and literate now use such new media. Most people are surprised to see television for the first time and a new medium which has a high impact on many of them.

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2:Balancing Global Trade

Balancing Global trade is largely driven by the interests and needs of the developed world(Grieco and Holmes,). This is not in line with the fact that the development of the country has taken place increasingly reflected not only in its growth fluctuations but also in its links to the global trading system.

So the astonishing nature of globalization has forced some scholars to use a variety of methods and some global economic factors such as analytical units (Woods, 1988, Tussie, 1994, Cerry, 1994 Krugman and Venables 1995,  Tobin and Estabrooks, 1995 Biersteker, 1998, De Vet, 1993, Kahler 1993,  Dunning 1998, Obadina 1998, Madungu 1999 Colle, 2000, Ohuabunwa, 1999, Otokhine, 2000). Direct viewing of economic trade and globalization can be measured in different ways.

Globalized Culture and Globalized markets:

Central four economic flows that characterized Globalization:

1. Gods and Services

Exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or per capita Employees/individuals, e.g.

2. Net migration rates:

Internal and external migration flow, measured by population 68 Mirza Jan Capital, e.g.

3. Direct indoor or external investment:

As a portion of the national income or individual head of people Technology, e.g.

4. International research & flow of development:

The proportion of populations and (rates of change thereof) using a specific invention(especially ‘neutral’ technological advances such as the telephone, the car, broadband).

Topographical proximity   Although geographical or cultural closeness helps the media to cross borders, language and culture seem more important than geography, as the European example shows. It seems people in other places tend to search for television programs, the Internet, Web sites, and so forth.

cultural intimacy   Cultural approaches are a desire for as many cultural products as possible as similar to one’s language, custom,  history, and heritage. Even though people tend to like cosmopolitan attraction to European and American television, movies, and music, often choose the media in their culture or are not so similar.

When AOL enters a market like a brazil to sell internet access and content. So it has been a little bit hard time competing with the culturally relevant content given by UOL, UOL (Universe On-line), run by prime Brazilian newspaper and magazine publishers.

Language is an important separator of the media market. Growingly television trade, international language formation (Wildman & Siwek, 1988), and language recognition shape online music and internet patterns too. It provides a strong natural barrier to media because it gave the voice to speak, imported goods.

The United States is an atrocious example. Most of all, a small imported television and an American film the clock come from Great Britain, New Zealand, or Australia, in traditionally English-speaking countries. Similarly, while British pop music was widely accepted, other artists like Icelander Bjork should sing in English to enter the U.S. market Apart from language, other aspects of culture are also important in describing the audience, comedy, slang, historical and political references, astrology, and comments about modern people and events tend to be cultural and even national.

Such symptoms, where they are separated across the border, would help to build cross-border markets. For example, Latin American countries were familiar with and used to importing American state jokes like their situation comedies. Now they often import comedies from every last one, because the Cultures and the proximity of Spanish-speaking Latin American nations makes the slang, jokes, and current references to events that are easy to understand. This is also true of U.S. Spanish-speaking audiences, who often prefer Mexican shows to Hollywood, as shows in Mexico ( Colombia or Venezuela) feel familiar to see. 

However many manufacturers have found that when they make too many references to current politics, use a lot of slang, or focus too much on current local issues, their programs are not well received in other parts of the world. For example, Simpsons has been hijacked or animated in South Korea but the Korean animator characters complain that they do not get jokes.

Hollywood has a long history so Hollywood faced this dilemma for years on end. Sometimes a very popular sitcom, like Seinfeld is too United States-focused on ‘global exports to the world market, and Baywatch, which contains action and sex appeal. It does better overseas, even after the U.S. market tries it. Although cultural intimacy is a powerful factor. The audience in many countries responds very well to other types of foreign programs. Those whose emphasis is on the action, sex, violence and easily crossing cultural boundaries.

A few foreigners, an English-speaking film, and the television series that will be the hottest hitter in the United States are violent Hong Kong films and cartoons from Japan, often sexually explicit and violent. Sports are another genre that attracts almost all over the world. We will see that some aspects of pop music are globalized, while others are localized which makes it difficult to understand across cultural closeness.

In most cases, the markets for indigenous languages ​​come on a smaller scale than the rest of the world but much larger than national. These markets are based on frequent languages ​​and frequent cultures rather than compass barriers. Just like the United States has burgeoned ahead of its international market allowance many firms have grown beyond the original national market just to give out this cultural-linguistic world.

Mexico, Brazil Media, Critical Issues and Size 69 and Venezuela dominates major domestic trade with Latin America film, TV set, and music. Similarly, Hong Kong initially dominated most of the Asian market in visual arts and gangster films and television, as well as pop music. national markets for this world of cultural language.

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3. Global Media

For the past two decades, people have been talking about the suspension of the American media in the world. Today people talk a lot about global trade because it is clear that the American media is playing an important role in the global arena, media industries from countless other countries are also heavily across the world. Few firms dominate the proliferate fragment of the media system.

The six largest are

• AOL Time winner (U.S)
• Disney (U.S)
• Vivendi Universal (French)
• Bertelsmann (German)
• Viacom  (U.S)
• Report Murdoch’s  News Corporation (Australian)
• AT& T (U.S)
• Microsoft (U.S)
• Sony/Columbia/Tristar (Japanese)

Most of the firms are American and produce, distribute and adjust almost all avenues. These types of firms were amplifying and trading around the world quickly. Time Warner and Disney made about 15 percent of their salary outside the United States in 1900, and the figure increased to 30-35 percent in 2002. Behind the top firms in the world, some renowned firms do $1 billion and $8billoin  per year media-related business.

These companies usually do have a background in national or cultural languages ​​or practice specifically in certain parts of the world, such as the BBC’s specialization in News. About half are Americans like(Gannet. Advanced, and Comcast). Most of the others come from Europe (Hachette. Havas. EMI, Reuters, BBC) or Canada, and a few are based in East Asia (NHR. TVB, Fuji, Asahi, Chinese Central TV) and Latin America (TV Globo, Televisa, Clarin / Argentina).

Some media industries such as Hollywood films and TV studios are represented by the Motion Picture. Association of America has long been global in its operations and scope. They control many companies in some distributing and showing (in theaters) films that they had produced in the United States. Recently, the owner of Holly wood itself has become a global phenomenon, as we have seen. The resulting work has been.

The outcomes have been scrutinized by critics to see if the genres produced by Sony will now show Japanese rather than  American emotions or sensibilities. No real change was found (Griffin. & Masters, 1997) Universal Studios sold out to Vivendi of France. it also had a problem holding it, which led to a major internal conflict in 2002 inside Vivendi about how far you have come in the world. Record companies are the same structures except for themselves having a collection of diverse backgrounds and even more international identities.

The big recording companies are based in Great Britain (Thorn),  the Netherlands (Philips), Germany (Bertelsmann-BMG), and Japan (Sony). These companies have rallied across borders. Philips now owns Polygram (formerly United State) and Vivendi-Universal now owns the RCA (formerly in the United States). and Vivendi-Universal is now the holder of the MCA (formerly Matsushita-Japan, basically from the U.U.), and AL Time Warner is the owner of EMI  formerly Great Britain). Most of these companies have large overseas branches that generally generate and dispense records in other markets and distribute American and European music also.

As a record firms have also been come into by international firms so, as a result, these companies have become increasingly global as well nationality with characters. Still. there is a significant difference in how the various media is presented is organized worldwide. Cable and satellite TV and satellite TV cable, which were common to most Americans, Canadians, and some Europeans for years, now increasing in many other countries of the world.

Direct Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) or Direct-to-Home (DTH) started in Japan and Britain and they are easily spread to many other countries, often crossing the border into neighboring countries. In the 1990s cable feeding programs and independent satellite TV channels were flourishing in Europe, and Latin, America. and Asia. These 70 threads of Mirza Jan programs bring what the main part is a one-way expansion of new video channels, especially U.S. cable stations in these new markets.

Several channels Soon become the channels that reached all over the world are  CNN, MTV, HBO, ESPN, TNT, Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network,  and Discovery. Disney and others are starting to roll out their existing channels in these countries either translate and accept their U.S. channel’s languages ​​and cultures of new audiences (Straubhaar & LaRose, 2004).

Many cable channels and DBS services start with the most specified language or the main target and purpose of the region. Some European channels focus on news. music. sports, films, and children’s shows. and so on projected programming. One Asian satellite television service, Star TV hosted by Rupert Murdoch. originally developed all over Asia with American (MTV, film).

European (BBC. Sports) and Chinese-language channels. It has begun to identify specific markets such as India. Taiwan, China, South Asia, Indonesia, and Japan by some local plans, as it’s taking their music video formatting and other language-related programs. Satellite TV and cable TV are starting to expand in Latin America and the Middle East and the export channels are from developed countries (CNN. BBC, MTV, etc.) are popular but few nations like  (Brazil, Hong Kong. Egypt. Mexico, Saudi Arabia) are building their satellite TV channels aimed at both national and local audiences markets for similar cultural languages.

For instance, the  Qatar Channel Al Jazeera aims to provide regional news in the Middle East region, an Arabic-speaking market. By housing U.S. ware against Iraq mechanism that provided extensive coverage of the 1raqi casualty and provided pro-Palestinian coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Al Jazeera ‘has won many viewers in the region, as well as conflict with Western governments, which find that they have little control over it. They started other countries using Al Jazeera photos as a news source.

Some other countries are moving to fully digital television as well as Cable-TV before the United States. Japan and other European countries were using digital TV each in 1998, together with British Sky Broadcasting in Great Britain, led by Murdoch, launched 140 channels that are fully digital 1998.

Like the latest cable systems in the United States, other systems in both developed and developing countries are beginning to provide dual information services or conditions. The Singapore government has provided broadband information services to almost every citizen a few times in years.

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The issue of cultural imperialism has lost some of its momenta, and power as many countries increase value again and the types of media content they produce. Other governments, such as Japan and Taiwan have pressed national television broadcasters have produced many programs.

Others, like France, subsidise their national film industries to stay strong. Another solution is to limit media import as a number and regional television and music productions tend to increase naturally because they are feasible economically and also because the audience wants them.

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This view contradicts that the global economic system is dominated by developed countries and the Third World countries remain on the edge of the system with little control over their economic and political development multination or transnational corporations are key elements in this process of production, and control markets. and product distribution.

Using the same techniques,

“Cultural imperialism is defined as a form of traditional domination by powerful nations over weak nations.”

It is considered a meaningful purposeful and intentional thing because it aligns with the political interests of the United States and other powerful capitalist societies. The effectiveness of this type of cultural governance, shows western attitudes and values, in particular, American capitalist communities. They are considered the most complete and lead up to the homogenization process of international culture as suggested by the following Australian scholar:

“The Americanization process becomes far more formidable when the fundamental concepts of society’s  national identity are remolded in the American image.”

Some critics have argued that the term ” Imperialism” which can be seen as the imposition of power 72 Mirza Jan from the rich to the poor, from the strong to the weak, means a certain level of politics to control existing powerful countries that are no longer exist. Imperialism with the concept of “globalization”, promotes interaction and reliance on all global ​​sites that “happen” in a very subtle sense despite its weaknesses.

Cultural imperialism also thought of as media imperialism, is still useful as an idea because it can be used to analyse the level, when, other world players have more influence than others in international culture. so they build and reshape values, identity, and ideas.

As the breadth and impact of world cultures grow rapidly so these are important news, Contrary to the ideology of cultural imperialism where the source of cultural influence is Western civilization, non-western countries, and less developed countries are considered borderline recipients of cultural influence- cultural flow or network model provides another view of the transfer process.

As for influences that do not come from the same place or flow in the same way guidance. Recipients may also be founders in n this model, cultural exchanges around the world are connected to a network that is not a clearly defined centre or environment. Globalization such as the integration of the flow of cultures or networks. It is a systematic and cohesive process rather than cultural imperialism and where cultural influences begin and move in many different ways or directions.

•  Media & Culture Media is the backbone of the provision of cultural or symbolic services around the world and plays an important role in the exercise of cultural or symbolic power. Hall noted that it is a combination of economics, technology, social and cultural resources run by media organizations say so in quantity and quality ‘.The media has established strong and fundamental leadership in the cultural sector.

 

• First. there is a relationship and the tension associated between the beauty and anthrop0logic understanding of culture. The word ‘culture’ is derived from agriculture and was extended from the 16th to the 18th century from the confluence of plants and animals or with crops for mental development and the cultivation of mind and the development of civilization can be linked to the production and distribution of major academic and artistic works among a wide range of people. Another important issue for cultural considerations, as well as its relationship with the media, are two cultural perspectives studies subjects like culture and structure.

 

• Media and energy One of the reasons why we consider the study of world media to be important, and an important factor in establishing different media perspectives, is that we link its distribution to the international community With power questions. Thompson described the power a

” the ability to act out one’s motives and interests,

and the ability to intervene during events,

and influence their outcome.”

• Types of resources Paradigmatic Institutions Economic power Resources and financial resources,
  Economic institutions (e.g. businesses) Political power Political institutions (e.g. countries) Enforcement forces Physical and physical facilities (eg soldiers. police, prisons).
• Figurative power Information systems and cultural institutions (e.g. religious communication centers.
  schools and universities, media industry).
• Media Markets: Audience, Advertisers, Finance, and Inventory Content Media organizations operate internally in three markets.

1. First there is a market for creative content or the ability to produce and/or distribute material that is attractive enough to the audience, students, or users to exchange money or
   time to access that content.
2. Second, there is the financial services market. or fundraising ability their ongoing work as a new investment in Globalization of Media: Critical Issues and Majority 73 technology distribution platforms, or expansion of their work area. Some of these revenues can be produced internally from profits or re-invested in production and distribution work but funds too produced by loans from financial institutions, equity investments (shares), and in government through subsidies, tax compensation, and other means.

• The balance between these sources varies on a basis of whether the media organization in question is a privately held commercial activity, a publicly owned or the organization managed and funded, or a mixture in terms of its patent structure or its sources support. This raises the issues and problems of discrimination, according to Ake (1996). it is the power of sub-development the sub-development of development by the agent’s development.

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7. Media organizations and policy analysis

Both media capabilities and media markets attract attention in the form of media outlets, or what happens within the institutions requesting it to produce, to manage again distribution of media content. It also highlights the importance of media policy as an integrated term institutionalized methods of management over the structure, conduct, and functioning of media organizations for most national governments.

Large corporations came and dominated the media once and for all related industries in the 20th century, as they have done in many areas of the economy focusing on media ownership and the absorption of small-scale commercial media producers as well distributors with large corporate conglomerates.

 

Conclusion

Concluding this review enhances our understanding of international media trading organizations means, ownership circle media markets, advertisers, and cultural leadership sphere because key countries dominate periphery culture. Finally, we look at specific policy implications of the development,

While the Claim that the state of the world has been made increasing, insignificant ‘world media exchanges are frequently asked, at the same time it is noted that news exchanges present major media and cultural policy challenges as culturally understood, namely identify the strategic direction of developing the creative industries and the growing role of the state participating in the development of the industry in addition to the ‘protection’ of land ownership.

Considering the height of cultural policy at the national level of cities and regions and a high national standard for this international trade agreement with the international community, we conclude with a discussion of UN-sponsored world summits on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in 2003 and Tunis in 2005.

First World domination and the extent to which world media culture represents something is a mixture of cultural and social values ​​associated with the United States and Western Europe. A truly global media culture that integrates cultural and social norms from many different countries with a veterinarian to improve or to develop.

In many ways, global trade raises legitimate concerns about the dangers of traditional culture. Yet the simple concern about cultural transmission is not the only or even the most serious concern caused by the spread of American culture and values.